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page 291 ---Morro Fermozo---Sao Paulo border---geology---

Several colonists have settled in the valleys by the side of small streams, and their extensive plantations of Turkish wheat give the first appearance of culture to those lonely tracts.

Frontier between provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo

The third mountain ridge, Morro Fermozo, resembles by its bolder forms, larger and irregular masses, the mountains round about Rio, and constitutes the frontier of the provinces of Rio and Sao Paulo.

Morro Fermozo's road to Sao Paulo

Along the road, which runs south-westward through the mountains with many windings, there is exposed in many places granite, with large foliated very ferruginous mica, and in it small veins of disintegrated red iron-stone, the direction of which is in hour 2 of the miner's compass, in very considerable angles of inclination; likewise very large pieces of compact brown iron ore, and large masses of hard white quartz occur here and there.

From the Morro Fermozo which forms the limit of the territory, and divides the rivers in this eastern branch of the Serra do Mar, the road gradually declines through low mountains, which are more open and agreeable, and where population and culture increase. The richness of the scenery indemnified us for the fatigues which the bad roads and the frequent showers of rain occasioned; in particular, these parts seemed to be the resort of the most beautiful butterflies, which, with their gay shining wings, sported by thousands about the mountain streams illumined by the sun.

page 292 ---S. Anna das Areas---civilization and gov't---colonisation---

On the third day, after we had left Bananal, and passed the river, and the little place Barreiro, we reached Santa Ana das Areas, a pretty considerable town, which had lately been raised by the king to the rank of a city. The government endeavours, in general, to favour the union of

Old Jesuit mission at Santa Ana das Areas, province of Sao Paulo

On the road between S. Ana das Areas and Lorena

several colonists by conferring such titles and the privileges connected with them; in which it is actuated by the double principle, that by living closer together the colonists gain in civilization, and regard for their duties as citizens; and the state, by the increased facility in the administration, the collection of the taxes, and the regulation of the militia.

In every country which, with a great extent, possesses but a small population, it is certainly more to the interest of the government to improve some parts by augmenting the population, and encouraging industry, and raising them to the necessary degree of social and civil relations, than to suffer the mass of inhabitants to scatter themselves over the whole face of the country, and allow each individual to lead a life, which, being remote from all protection and all observance of the laws, without the beneficent influence of society, cannot promote morality, the social virtues, nor cultivation. The tendency of the measures of the Portuguese government has, in this respect, a resemblance to the system of military colonisation in Russia, though the latter, as a war-like establishment, has an entirely different object.